(a) Introduction.
  (1) The desire to achieve educational excellence is the driving force behind the Texas essential knowledge and skills for mathematics, guided by the college and career readiness standards. By embedding statistics, probability, and finance, while focusing on computational thinking, mathematical fluency, and solid understanding, Texas will lead the way in mathematics education and prepare all Texas students for the challenges they will face in the 21st century.
  (2) The process standards describe ways in which students are expected to engage in the content. The placement of the process standards at the beginning of the knowledge and skills listed for each grade and course is intentional. The process standards weave the other knowledge and skills together so that students may be successful problem solvers and use mathematics efficiently and effectively in daily life. The process standards are integrated at every grade level and course. When possible, students will apply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace. Students will use a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan or strategy, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the problem-solving process and the reasonableness of the solution. Students will select appropriate tools such as real objects, manipulatives, algorithms, paper and pencil, and technology and techniques such as mental math, estimation, number sense, and generalization and abstraction to solve problems. Students will effectively communicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations such as symbols, diagrams, graphs, computer programs, and language. Students will use mathematical relationships to generate solutions and make connections and predictions. Students will analyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas. Students will display, explain, or justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication.
  (3) The primary focal areas in Grade 7 are number and operations; proportionality; expressions, equations, and relationships; and measurement and data. Students use concepts, algorithms, and properties of rational numbers to explore mathematical relationships and to describe increasingly complex situations. Students use concepts of proportionality to explore, develop, and communicate mathematical relationships, including number, geometry and measurement, and statistics and probability. Students use algebraic thinking to describe how a change in one quantity in a relationship results in a change in the other. Students connect verbal, numeric, graphic, and symbolic representations of relationships, including equations and inequalities. Students use geometric properties and relationships, as well as spatial reasoning, to model and analyze situations and solve problems. Students communicate information about geometric figures or situations by quantifying attributes, generalize procedures from measurement experiences, and use the procedures to solve problems. Students use appropriate statistics, representations of data, and reasoning to draw conclusions, evaluate arguments, and make recommendations. While the use of all types of technology is important, the emphasis on algebra readiness skills necessitates the implementation of graphing technology.
  (4) Statements that contain the word "including" reference content that must be mastered, while those containing the phrase "such as" are intended as possible illustrative examples.
(b) Knowledge and skills.
  (1) Mathematical process standards. The student uses mathematical processes to acquire and demonstrate mathematical understanding. The student is expected to:
    (A) apply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace;
    (B) use a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan or strategy, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the problem-solving process and the reasonableness of the solution;
    (C) select tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques, including mental math, estimation, and number sense as appropriate, to solve problems;
    (D) communicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language as appropriate;
    (E) create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas;
    (F) analyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas; and
    (G) display, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication.
  (2) Number and operations. The student applies mathematical process standards to represent and use rational numbers in a variety of forms. The student is expected to extend previous knowledge of sets and subsets using a visual representation to describe relationships between sets of rational numbers.
  (3) Number and operations. The student applies mathematical process standards to add, subtract, multiply, and divide while solving problems and justifying solutions. The student is expected to:
    (A) add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational numbers fluently; and
    (B) apply and extend previous understandings of operations to solve problems using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of rational numbers.
  (4) Proportionality. The student applies mathematical process standards to represent and solve problems involving proportional relationships. The student is expected to:
    (A) represent constant rates of change in mathematical and real-world problems given pictorial, tabular, verbal, numeric, graphical, and algebraic representations, including d = rt;
    (B) calculate unit rates from rates in mathematical and real-world problems;
    (C) determine the constant of proportionality (k = y/x) within mathematical and real-world problems;
    (D) solve problems involving ratios, rates, and percents, including multi-step problems involving percent increase and percent decrease, and financial literacy problems; and
    (E) convert between measurement systems, including the use of proportions and the use of unit rates.
  (5) Proportionality. The student applies mathematical process standards to use geometry to describe or solve problems involving proportional relationships. The student is expected to:
    (A) generalize the critical attributes of similarity, including ratios within and between similar shapes;
    (B) describe π as the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter; and
    (C) solve mathematical and real-world problems involving similar shape and scale drawings.
  (6) Proportionality. The student applies mathematical process standards to use probability and statistics to describe or solve problems involving proportional relationships. The student is expected to:
    (A) represent sample spaces for simple and compound events using lists and tree diagrams;
    (B) select and use different simulations to represent simple and compound events with and without technology;
    (C) make predictions and determine solutions using experimental data for simple and compound events;
    (D) make predictions and determine solutions using theoretical probability for simple and compound events;
    (E) find the probabilities of a simple event and its complement and describe the relationship between the two;
    (F) use data from a random sample to make inferences about a population;
    (G) solve problems using data represented in bar graphs, dot plots, and circle graphs, including part-to-whole and part-to-part comparisons and equivalents;
    (H) solve problems using qualitative and quantitative predictions and comparisons from simple experiments; and
    (I) determine experimental and theoretical probabilities related to simple and compound events using data and sample spaces.
  (7) Expressions, equations, and relationships. The student applies mathematical process standards to represent linear relationships using multiple representations. The student is expected to represent linear relationships using verbal descriptions, tables, graphs, and equations that simplify to the form y = mx + b.
  (8) Expressions, equations, and relationships. The student applies mathematical process standards to develop geometric relationships with volume. The student is expected to:
    (A) model the relationship between the volume of a rectangular prism and a rectangular pyramid having both congruent bases and heights and connect that relationship to the formulas;
Cont'd...