(a) General requirements. Students shall be awarded one credit for successful completion of this course. Prerequisites: one credit of high school science and Algebra I. Recommended prerequisite: completion of or concurrent enrollment in a second year of mathematics. This course is recommended for students in Grades 10-12.     
      (b) Introduction.      
        (1) Chemistry. In Chemistry, students conduct laboratory and field investigations, use scientific practices during investigations, and make informed decisions using critical thinking and scientific problem solving. Students study a variety of topics that include characteristics of matter, use of the Periodic Table, development of atomic theory, chemical bonding, chemical stoichiometry, gas laws, solution chemistry, acid-base chemistry, thermochemistry, and nuclear chemistry. Students investigate how chemistry is an integral part of our daily lives. By the end of Grade 12, students are expected to gain sufficient knowledge of the scientific and engineering practices across the disciplines of science to make informed decisions using critical thinking and scientific problem solving.       
        (2) Nature of science. Science, as defined by the National Academy of Sciences, is the "use of evidence to construct testable explanations and predictions of natural phenomena, as well as the knowledge generated through this process." This vast body of changing and increasing knowledge is described by physical, mathematical, and conceptual models. Students should know that some questions are outside the realm of science because they deal with phenomena that are not currently scientifically testable.       
        (3) Scientific hypotheses and theories. Students are expected to know that:                  (A) hypotheses are tentative and testable statements that must be capable of being supported or not supported by observational evidence. Hypotheses of durable explanatory power that have been tested over a wide variety of conditions are incorporated into theories; and                   (B) scientific theories are based on natural and physical phenomena and are capable of being tested by multiple independent researchers. Unlike hypotheses, scientific theories are well established and highly reliable explanations, but they may be subject to change as new areas of science and new technologies are developed.         
        (4) Scientific inquiry. Scientific inquiry is the planned and deliberate investigation of the natural world using scientific and engineering practices. Scientific methods of investigation are descriptive, comparative, or experimental. The method chosen should be appropriate to the question being asked. Student learning for different types of investigations includes descriptive investigations, which involve collecting data and recording observations without making comparisons; comparative investigations, which involve collecting data with variables that are manipulated to compare results; and experimental investigations, which involve processes similar to comparative investigations but in which a control is identified.                  (A) Scientific practices. Students should be able to ask questions, plan and conduct investigations to answer questions, and explain phenomena using appropriate tools and models.                   (B) Engineering practices. Students should be able to identify problems and design solutions using appropriate tools and models.         
        (5) Science and social ethics. Scientific decision making is a way of answering questions about the natural world involving its own set of ethical standards about how the process of science should be carried out. Students should be able to distinguish between scientific decision-making methods (scientific methods) and ethical and social decisions that involve science (the application of scientific information).       
        (6) Science consists of recurring themes and making connections between overarching concepts. Recurring themes include systems, models, and patterns. All systems have basic properties that can be described in space, time, energy, and matter. Change and constancy occur in systems as patterns and can be observed, measured, and modeled. These patterns help to make predictions that can be scientifically tested, while models allow for boundary specification and provide a tool for understanding the ideas presented. Students should analyze a system in terms of its components and how these components relate to each other, to the whole, and to the external environment.       
        (7) Statements containing the word "including" reference content that must be mastered, while those containing the phrase "such as" are intended as possible illustrative examples.       
      (c) Knowledge and skills.      
        (1) Scientific and engineering practices. The student, for at least 40% of instructional time, asks questions, identifies problems, and plans and safely conducts classroom, laboratory, and field investigations to answer questions, explain phenomena, or design solutions using appropriate tools and models. The student is expected to:                  (A) ask questions and define problems based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations;                   (B) apply scientific practices to plan and conduct descriptive, comparative, and experimental investigations and use engineering practices to design solutions to problems;                   (C) use appropriate safety equipment and practices during laboratory, classroom, and field investigations as outlined in Texas Education Agency-approved safety standards;                   (D) use appropriate tools such as Safety Data Sheets (SDS), scientific or graphing calculators, computers and probes, electronic balances, an adequate supply of consumable chemicals, and sufficient scientific glassware such as beakers, Erlenmeyer flasks, pipettes, graduated cylinders, volumetric flasks, and burettes;                   (E) collect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) and qualitative data as evidence;                   (F) organize quantitative and qualitative data using oral or written lab reports, labeled drawings, particle diagrams, charts, tables, graphs, journals, summaries, or technology-based reports;                   (G) develop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to engineering problems; and                   (H) distinguish between scientific hypotheses, theories, and laws.         
        (2) Scientific and engineering practices. The student analyzes and interprets data to derive meaning, identify features and patterns, and discover relationships or correlations to develop evidence-based arguments or evaluate designs. The student is expected to:                  (A) identify advantages and limitations of models such as their size, scale, properties, and materials;                   (B) analyze data by identifying significant statistical features, patterns, sources of error, and limitations;                   (C) use mathematical calculations to assess quantitative relationships in data; and                   (D) evaluate experimental and engineering designs.         
        (3) Scientific and engineering practices. The student develops evidence-based explanations and communicates findings, conclusions, and proposed solutions. The student is expected to:                  (A) develop explanations and propose solutions supported by data and models and consistent with scientific ideas, principles, and theories;                   (B) communicate explanations and solutions individually and collaboratively in a variety of settings and formats; and                   (C) engage respectfully in scientific argumentation using applied scientific explanations and empirical evidence.         
        (4) Scientific and engineering practices. The student knows the contributions of scientists and recognizes the importance of scientific research and innovation on society. The student is expected to:                  (A) analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations and solutions by using empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and experimental and observational testing, so as to encourage critical thinking by the student;                   (B) relate the impact of past and current research on scientific thought and society, including research methodology, cost-benefit analysis, and contributions of diverse scientists as related to the content; and                   (C) research and explore resources such as museums, libraries, professional organizations, private companies, online platforms, and mentors employed in a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) field in order to investigate STEM careers.         
        (5) Science concepts. The student understands the development of the Periodic Table and applies its predictive power. The student is expected to:                  (A) explain the development of the Periodic Table over time using evidence such as chemical and physical properties;                   (B) predict the properties of elements in chemical families, including alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases, and transition metals, based on valence electrons patterns using the Periodic Table; and                   (C) analyze and interpret elemental data, including atomic radius, atomic mass, electronegativity, ionization energy, and reactivity to identify periodic trends.         
        (6) Science concepts. The student understands the development of atomic theory and applies it to real-world phenomena. The student is expected to:                  (A) construct models using Dalton's Postulates, Thomson's discovery of electron properties, Rutherford's nuclear atom, Bohr's nuclear atom, and Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle to show the development of modern atomic theory over time;                   (B) describe the structure of atoms and ions, including the masses, electrical charges, and locations of protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons in the electron cloud;                   (C) investigate the mathematical relationship between energy, frequency, and wavelength of light using the electromagnetic spectrum and relate it to the quantization of energy in the emission spectrum;                   (D) calculate average atomic mass of an element using isotopic composition; and                   (E) construct models to express the arrangement of electrons in atoms of representative elements using electron configurations and Lewis dot structures.         
        (7) Science concepts. The student knows how atoms form ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds. The student is expected to:                  (A) construct an argument to support how periodic trends such as electronegativity can predict bonding between elements;                   (B) name and write the chemical formulas for ionic and covalent compounds using International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature rules;                   (C) classify and draw electron dot structures for molecules with linear, bent, trigonal planar, trigonal pyramidal, and tetrahedral molecular geometries as explained by Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory; and                   (D) analyze the properties of ionic, covalent, and metallic substances in terms of intramolecular and intermolecular forces.         
        (8) Science concepts. The student understands how matter is accounted for in chemical substances. The student is expected to:                  (A) define mole and apply the concept of molar mass to convert between moles and grams;                   (B) calculate the number of atoms or molecules in a sample of material using Avogadro's number;                   (C) calculate percent composition of compounds; and                   (D) differentiate between empirical and molecular formulas.         
        (9) Science concepts. The student understands how matter is accounted for in chemical reactions. The student is expected to:                  (A) interpret, write, and balance chemical equations, including synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, and combustion reactions using the law of conservation of mass;                   (B) differentiate among acid-base reactions, precipitation reactions, and oxidation-reduction reactions;                   (C) perform stoichiometric calculations, including determination of mass relationships, gas volume relationships, and percent yield; and                   (D) describe the concept of limiting reactants in a balanced chemical equation.         
        (10) Science concepts. The student understands the principles of the kinetic molecular theory and ideal gas behavior. The student is expected to:                  (A) describe the postulates of the kinetic molecular theory;                   (B) describe and calculate the relationships among volume, pressure, number of moles, and temperature for an ideal gas; and                   (C) define and apply Dalton's law of partial pressure.         
        (11) Science concepts. The student understands and can apply the factors that influence the behavior of solutions. The student is expected to:                  (A) describe the unique role of water in solutions in terms of polarity;                   (B) distinguish among types of solutions, including electrolytes and nonelectrolytes and unsaturated, saturated, and supersaturated solutions;                   (C) investigate how solid and gas solubilities are influenced by temperature using solubility curves and how rates of dissolution are influenced by temperature, agitation, and surface area;                   (D) investigate the general rules regarding solubility and predict the solubility of the products of a double replacement reaction;                   (E) calculate the concentration of solutions in units of molarity; and                  Cont'd...