(a) General requirements. Students shall be awarded one-half unit of credit for successful completion of this course.     
      (b) Introduction.      
        (1) In United States Government, the focus is on the principles and beliefs upon which the United States was founded and on the structure, functions, and powers of government at the national, state, and local levels. This course is the culmination of the civic and governmental content and concepts studied from Kindergarten through required secondary courses. Students learn major political ideas and forms of government in history. A significant focus of the course is on the U.S. Constitution, its underlying principles and ideas, and the form of government it created. Students analyze major concepts of republicanism, federalism, checks and balances, separation of powers, popular sovereignty, and individual rights and compare the U.S. system of government with other political systems. Students identify the role of government in the U.S. free enterprise system and examine the strategic importance of places to the United States. Students analyze the impact of individuals, political parties, interest groups, and the media on the American political system, evaluate the importance of voluntary individual participation in a constitutional republic, and analyze the rights guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution. Students examine the relationship between governmental policies and the culture of the United States. Students identify examples of government policies that encourage scientific research and use critical-thinking skills to create a product on a contemporary government issue.       
        (2) To support the teaching of the essential knowledge and skills, the use of a variety of rich primary and secondary source material such as the complete text of the U.S. Constitution, selected Federalist Papers, landmark cases of the U.S. Supreme Court (such as those studied in Grade 8 and U.S. History Since 1877), biographies, autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, letters, and periodicals that feature analyses of political issues and events is encouraged.       
        (3) The eight strands of the essential knowledge and skills for social studies are intended to be integrated for instructional purposes. Skills listed in the social studies skills strand in subsection (c) of this section should be incorporated into the teaching of all essential knowledge and skills for social studies. A greater depth of understanding of complex content material can be attained when integrated social studies content from the various disciplines and critical-thinking skills are taught together. Statements that contain the word "including" reference content that must be mastered, while those containing the phrase "such as" are intended as possible illustrative examples.       
        (4) Students identify the role of the U.S. free enterprise system within the parameters of this course and understand that this system may also be referenced as capitalism or the free market system.       
        (5) Throughout social studies in Kindergarten-Grade 12, students build a foundation in history; geography; economics; government; citizenship; culture; science, technology, and society; and social studies skills. The content, as appropriate for the grade level or course, enables students to understand the importance of patriotism, function in a free enterprise society, and appreciate the basic democratic values of our state and nation as referenced in the Texas Education Code (TEC), §28.002(h).       
        (6) Students understand that a constitutional republic is a representative form of government whose representatives derive their authority from the consent of the governed, serve for an established tenure, and are sworn to uphold the constitution.       
        (7) State and federal laws mandate a variety of celebrations and observances, including Celebrate Freedom Week.                  (A) Each social studies class shall include, during Celebrate Freedom Week as provided under the TEC, §29.907, or during another full school week as determined by the board of trustees of a school district, appropriate instruction concerning the intent, meaning, and importance of the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution, including the Bill of Rights, in their historical contexts. The study of the Declaration of Independence must include the study of the relationship of the ideas expressed in that document to subsequent American history, including the relationship of its ideas to the rich diversity of our people as a nation of immigrants, the American Revolution, the formulation of the U.S. Constitution, and the abolitionist movement, which led to the Emancipation Proclamation and the women's suffrage movement.                   (B) Each school district shall require that, during Celebrate Freedom Week or other week of instruction prescribed under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, students in Grades 3-12 study and recite the following text from the Declaration of Independence: "We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness--That to secure these Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just Powers from the Consent of the Governed."         
        (8) Students discuss how and whether the actions of U.S. citizens and the local, state, and federal governments have achieved the ideals espoused in the founding documents.       
      (c) Knowledge and skills.      
        (1) History. The student understands how constitutional government, as developed in America and expressed in the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the U.S. Constitution, has been influenced by ideas, people, and historical documents. The student is expected to:                  (A) explain major political ideas in history, including the laws of nature and nature's God, unalienable rights, divine right of kings, social contract theory, and the rights of resistance to illegitimate government;                   (B) identify major intellectual, philosophical, political, and religious traditions that informed the American founding, including Judeo-Christian (especially biblical law), English common law and constitutionalism, Enlightenment, and republicanism, as they address issues of liberty, rights, and responsibilities of individuals;                   (C) identify the individuals whose principles of laws and government institutions informed the American founding documents, including those of Moses, William Blackstone, John Locke, and Charles de Montesquieu;                   (D) identify the contributions of the political philosophies of the Founding Fathers, including John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, John Jay, George Mason, Roger Sherman, and James Wilson, on the development of the U.S. government;                   (E) analyze debates and compromises that impacted the creation of the founding documents; and                   (F) identify significant individuals in the field of government and politics, including George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, John Marshall, Andrew Jackson, Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Ronald Reagan.         
        (2) History. The student understands the roles played by individuals, political parties, interest groups, and the media in the U.S. political system, past and present. The student is expected to:                  (A) describe the processes used by individuals, political parties, interest groups, or the media to affect public policy; and                   (B) analyze the impact of political changes brought about by individuals, political parties, interest groups, or the media, past and present.         
        (3) Geography. The student understands how geography can influence U.S. political districts and policies. The student is expected to:                  (A) explain how population shifts affect voting patterns;                   (B) examine political boundaries to make inferences regarding the distribution of political power; and                   (C) explain how political districts are crafted and how they are affected by Supreme Court decisions such as Baker v. Carr.         
        (4) Economics. The student understands the roles played by local, state, and national governments in both the public and private sectors of the U.S. free enterprise system. The student is expected to:                  (A) explain how government fiscal, and regulatory policies influence the economy at the local, state, and national levels;                   (B) compare the role of government in the U.S. free enterprise system and other economic systems; and                   (C) explain how government taxation, expenditures, and regulation can influence the U.S. economy and impact private enterprise.         
        (5) Economics. The student understands the relationship between U.S. government policies and the economy. The student is expected to:                  (A) analyze how economic and natural resources influence U.S. foreign policy; and                   (B) describe the roles of the executive and legislative branches in setting international trade and fiscal policies.         
        (6) Government. The student understands the American beliefs and principles reflected in the U.S. Constitution and why these are significant. The student is expected to:                  (A) explain the importance of a written constitution;                   (B) explain how the federal government serves the purposes set forth in the Preamble to the U.S. Constitution;                   (C) analyze how the Federalist Papers such as Number 10 and Number 51 explain the principles of the American constitutional system of government;                   (D) evaluate constitutional provisions for limiting the role of government, including republicanism, checks and balances, federalism, separation of powers, popular sovereignty, and individual rights;                   (E) describe the constitutionally prescribed procedures by which the U.S. Constitution can be changed and analyze the role of the amendment process in a constitutional government; and                   (F) identify how the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution continue to shape American beliefs and principles in the United States today.         
        (7) Government. The student understands the structure and functions of the government created by the U.S. Constitution. The student is expected to:                  (A) analyze the structure and functions of the legislative branch of government, including the bicameral structure of Congress, the role of committees, and the procedure for enacting laws;                   (B) analyze the structure and functions of the executive branch of government, including the constitutional powers of the president, the growth of presidential power, and the role of the Cabinet and executive departments;                   (C) analyze the structure and functions of the judicial branch of government, including the federal court system, types of jurisdiction, and judicial review;                   (D) identify the purpose of selected independent executive agencies, including the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and regulatory commissions, including the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and Federal Communications Commission (FCC);                   (E) explain how provisions of the U.S. Constitution provide for checks and balances among the three branches of government;                   (F) analyze selected issues raised by judicial activism and judicial restraint;                   (G) explain the major responsibilities of the federal government for domestic and foreign policy such as national defense; and                   (H) compare the structures, functions, and processes of national, state, and local governments in the U.S. federal system.         
        (8) Government. The student understands the concept of federalism. The student is expected to:                  (A) explain why the Founding Fathers created a distinctly new form of federalism and adopted a federal system of government instead of a unitary system;                   (B) categorize government powers as national, state, or shared;                   (C) analyze historical and contemporary conflicts over the respective roles of national and state governments; and                   (D) explain how the U.S. Constitution limits the power of national and state governments.         
        (9) Government. The student understands the processes for filling public offices in the U.S. system of government. The student is expected to:                  (A) identify different methods of filling public offices, including elected and appointed offices at the local, state, and national levels;                   (B) explain the process of electing the president of the United States and analyze the Electoral College; and                   (C) analyze the impact of the passage of the 17th Amendment.         
        (10) Government. The student understands the role of political parties in the U.S. system of government. The student is expected to:                  (A) analyze the functions of political parties and their role in the electoral process at local, state, and national levels; and                   (B) explain the two-party system and evaluate the role of third parties in the United States.         
        (11) Government. The student understands the similarities and differences that exist among the U.S. system of government and other political systems. The student is expected to:                 Cont'd...