(a) General requirements This course is recommended for students in Grades 9-12. Students shall be awarded one credit for successful completion of the course.
(b) Introduction.
  (1) Career and technical education instruction provides content aligned with challenging academic standards and relevant technical knowledge and skills for students to further their education and success in current or emerging energy professions.
  (2) The Energy Career Cluster focuses on Texas's diverse economic landscape, geography and natural resources, including renewable energy potential, transportation system, labor force, and leadership in environmental research.
  (3) In Foundations of Energy, students will conduct laboratory and field investigations, use scientific practices during investigations, and make informed decisions using critical thinking and scientific problem solving. Various systems will be described in terms of energy. Students will study a variety of topics that include energy transformation, the law of conservation of energy, energy efficiency, interrelationships among energy resources and society, and sources and flow of energy through the production, transmission, processing, and use of energy. Students will apply these concepts and perform investigations and experiments at least 40% of the time using safe practices.
  (4) Students are encouraged to participate in extended learning experiences such as career and technical student organizations and other leadership or extracurricular organizations.
  (5) Statements that contain the word "including" reference content that must be mastered, while those containing the phrase "such as" are intended as possible illustrative examples.
(c) Knowledge and skills.
  (1) The student demonstrates professional standards/employability skills as required by business and industry. The student is expected to:
    (A) evaluate the importance of dressing appropriately, speaking politely, and conducting oneself in a manner appropriate for the profession;
    (B) cooperate, contribute, and collaborate as a member of a group in an effort to achieve a positive collective outcome;
    (C) present written and oral communication in a clear, concise, and effective manner;
    (D) demonstrate time-management skills by prioritizing tasks, following schedules, and performing goal-relevant activities in a way that produces efficient results;
    (E) demonstrate punctuality, dependability, reliability, and responsibility in performing assigned tasks as directed;
    (F) discuss and exhibit teamwork and leadership skills necessary for the workplace;
    (G) define and demonstrate effective problem-solving skills; and
    (H) apply computer-based skills and other technologies relevant to the energy industry.
  (2) The student analyzes current and future career opportunities in the energy sector, including oil and gas exploration and production, refining and chemical processing, and renewable energy. The student is expected to:
    (A) evaluate energy systems and identify careers within those systems;
    (B) examine past market and employment trends in the energy sector;
    (C) discuss current issues in energy production and predict future needs and employment opportunities in this field;
    (D) identify career development, education, credentialing, and entrepreneurship opportunities in the energy sector; and
    (E) apply competencies related to resources, information, and systems of operation in the energy sector.
  (3) The student conducts laboratory and field investigations using safe, environmentally appropriate, and ethical practices. The student is expected to:
    (A) demonstrate safe practices during laboratory and field investigations;
    (B) use a wide variety of additional course apparatuses, equipment, techniques, and procedures as appropriate such as satellite imagery and other remote sensing data, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Global Positioning System (GPS), scientific probes, microscopes, telescopes, modern video and image libraries, weather stations, fossil and rock kits, tectonic plate models, and planetary globes;
    (C) engage in meaningful hands-on, minds-on conceptual activities in the areas of energy; and
    (D) demonstrate an understanding of the use and conservation of resources and proper disposal or recycling of materials.
  (4) The student uses critical thinking and problem solving to make informed decisions within and outside the classroom. The student is expected to:
    (A) communicate and present valid conclusions from energy information extracted from various sources such as current events, news reports, published journal articles, and marketing materials;
    (B) explain the impacts of energy discoveries by a variety of historical and contemporary scientists and entrepreneurs on current societal attitudes;
    (C) compare advantages and disadvantages in the use of the various energy sources; and
    (D) distinguish between scientific decision making (scientific methods) and ethical and social decisions that involve science (the application of scientific information).
  (5) The student presents conclusions, research findings, and designs using a variety of media throughout the course. The student is expected to:
    (A) develop written and oral presentation skills related to energy issues and solutions by researching and describing the history of energy production in Texas and contributions of scientists and entrepreneurs; and
    (B) develop data retrieval and analysis skills related to energy production and use by researching information about energy sources, including renewable and non-renewable sources, and energy efficiency and how each source is used to produce electrical energy.
  (6) The student examines and explains concepts and procedures related to energy. The student is expected to:
    (A) identify general purposes for energy, including transportation, light, cooking, heating or cooling, entertainment, and cleaning;
    (B) explain and demonstrate transformations among various energy forms, including potential, kinetic, chemical, mechanical, electrical, and light energy;
    (C) analyze the role of gravity in transforming energy;
    (D) investigate and calculate the relationship between work, potential energy, and kinetic energy;
    (E) examine various types of energy transfer mechanisms, determine the original form of energy and what form that energy is being transformed into, and use examples to analyze and calculate the relationships among work, kinetic energy, and potential energy;
    (F) describe and apply the law of conservation of energy; and
    (G) use basic calorimetry to determine the amount of energy stored in substances such as coal.
  (7) The student understands the basics of fluid mechanics related to energy discovery, production, and transportation. The student is expected to:
    (A) identify fluids used as fuels, including liquids and gases;
    (B) identify fluids used in the discovery, production, and transportation of energy sources;
    (C) explain capillary action and relate it to energy production; and
    (D) explain, using formulas, how pressure and temperature affect the behavior of fluids.
  (8) The student understands how and where energy is produced and identifies Texas energy resources. The student is expected to:
    (A) research the location of energy resources and power production plants in Texas;
    (B) compile information on the history of energy production in Texas and describe its past and current importance to the U.S. economy;
    (C) investigate the role of technology in the future development of energy usage;
    (D) identify ways to conserve energy;
    (E) map the major sources of energy used in Texas;
    (F) assess the impact of the various energy sources on the economy in Texas;
    (G) analyze how supply and demand impacts Texas's economy in relation to energy; and
    (H) compare and contrast the impact of energy sources and supply and demand in Texas with national and global data.
  (9) The student investigates how energy resources such as water, oil, and natural gas are stored underground in rock formations. The student is expected to:
    (A) assess the properties and geological histories of rocks and rock formations that enable energy storage;
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