(a) English as a Second Language (ESL) standards. The standards identified in this section are targeted for classroom teachers of English learners (ELs). The standards address the discipline associated with the theory and practice of teaching students who have a primary language other than English. The standards inform appropriate teaching techniques, methods, and teacher actions, judgments, and decisions by taking into consideration theories and research of language acquisition, second language learning, understandings of the needs and strengths of ELs, and the backgrounds and interests of individual students.
(b) Foundations of Language Acquisition. ESL teachers know, understand, and use the major theories and research related to the structure and language acquisition process to help ELs develop language and literacy and achieve in the content areas. The ESL teacher must:
  (1) demonstrate and apply basic linguistic concepts, such as structure, patterns, and conventions of written and spoken English, that relate to instruction for ELs as they acquire the English language and literacy to achieve in the content areas;
  (2) apply a conscious knowledge of language as a system to develop and accommodate instructional materials and to build understanding of the foundations of English needed for content-based instruction fostered through the English Language Proficiency Standards (ELPS) in §74.4 of Part II of this title (relating to English Language Proficiency Standards);
  (3) use knowledge of interrelated aspects of listening, speaking, reading, and writing as they support ELs' acquisition of language and content knowledge;
  (4) understand the ways in which languages are similar and different by identifying linguistic structures that distinguish written and spoken language forms as well as those representing social and academic uses of language;
  (5) build on similarities between English and the students' primary language (L1) and anticipate common challenges that ELs may have with English language concepts;
  (6) apply knowledge of sociolinguistic concepts (e.g., dialect diversity in English; factors affecting language variation, register, and style; language change);
  (7) understand and apply theories, concepts, and research in language acquisition in L1 and secondary language (L2) to support ELs' language, literacy, and content area development;
  (8) recognize and apply knowledge of the interrelatedness of L1 and L2 acquisition, including similarities and differences between L1 and L2 acquisition and L1 influence on L2;
  (9) apply understanding of characteristics of various stages of first- and second-language acquisition to select effective and appropriate instructional methods that promote English language development at various stages of language proficiency;
  (10) apply understanding of cognitive processes involved in internalizing language rules and learning vocabulary in a second language (e.g., generalization, categorization, metacognition);
  (11) apply understanding of the ELPS Proficiency Level Descriptors (PLDs) and the relationship of the ELPS PLDs to the stages of second language acquisition; and
  (12) apply understanding of the interconnected development of linguistic, cognitive, and academic processes through the interdependence on social and cultural processes (affective variables).
(c) Culturally Responsive Teaching. ESL teachers know, understand, and use major concepts, principles, theories, and research related to the nature and role of culture and cultural groups to construct mutually adaptive learning environments for ELs. The ESL teacher must:
  (1) use knowledge of major theories and research related to the nature and role of culture to design and select instructional materials, methods, and delivery techniques that facilitate learning for a multicultural, linguistically diverse classroom;
  (2) build upon ELs' prior knowledge, experiences, and academic background to connect new learning through effective culturally responsive techniques;
  (3) seek to understand and to value the surface and deep aspects of culture, including values, beliefs, customs, and traditions;
  (4) use knowledge of the stages of acculturation to create a mutually adaptive learning environment;
  (5) recognize that language and culture interact in the formation of the students' cultural identities;
  (6) apply the understanding that academic achievement is positively impacted by valuing the cultural assets that ELs bring to the classroom and integrating the students' cultural aspects into classroom materials;
  (7) recognize factors that contribute to cultural bias (e.g., stereotyping, prejudice, ethnocentrism), demonstrate sensitivity to students' diverse cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds, and apply this knowledge to create a culturally responsive learning environment;
  (8) understand that cultural and linguistic diversity are not the only factors that may affect students' learning of academic content (e.g., age, developmental characteristics, academic strengths and needs, preferred learning styles, personality, sociocultural factors, home environment, motivation, exceptionalities); and
  (9) create an effective learning environment that addresses the affective, linguistic, and cognitive needs of ELs through second language acquisition methods.
(d) Effective Instruction and Assessment Across All Content Areas and Disciplines. ESL teachers know, understand, and use evidence-based practices and strategies related to planning and implementing all content and language instruction. ESL teachers are skilled in instructional methods for developing and integrating language skills. ESL teachers purposefully and appropriately select, integrate, and utilize technology and resources for their ELs. The ESL teacher must:
  (1) use knowledge of the required Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) and the ELPS as the foundational curriculum;
  (2) design and implement instruction that addresses all language domains (listening, speaking, reading, and writing) through authentic, meaningful practice with content material;
  (3) know, adjust, and implement research-validated instructional methods for ELs that make the content comprehensible while supporting English language development (e.g., sheltered instruction, content-based instruction);
  (4) choose, adapt, and use a wide range of instructional materials, resources, and technologies for the diverse needs of ELs to support language and content knowledge acquisition while maintaining rigor;
  (5) integrate and foster critical thinking by providing scaffolds needed for ELs to demonstrate their higher-order thinking skills in English;
  (6) establish safe, positive, supportive, interactive, and empowering learning environments for ELs;
  (7) implement effective classroom management methods that support a culturally and linguistically diverse classroom;
  (8) address the needs of ELs at all English language proficiency levels as described in the ELPS PLDs through targeted language instruction within content material;
  (9) create multiple opportunities for authentic, meaningful use of social and academic language;
  (10) recognize the background factors that can affect literacy development, such as students with interrupted formal education (SIFE);
  (11) understand and apply the interrelatedness of language domains (listening, speaking, reading, and writing) for oral language and literacy development;
  (12) utilize a communicative approach that focuses on meaning and communicative practice over error correction;
  (13) recognize and apply the transfer of oral language and literacy skills from L1 to L2;
  (14) recognize the individual factors that require focused, targeted, systematic language instruction in accordance with the ELPS for ELs in Grade 3 and higher at beginning and intermediate levels of English language proficiency, including recognizing the specific needs and assets of newcomer ELs at various levels of English language proficiency;
  (15) provide appropriate feedback for ELs at all English language proficiency levels;
  (16) recognize and address the various factors that affect reading comprehension and implement applicable methods of reading instruction;
  (17) utilize content-based instruction that is linguistically accommodated using sheltered methods that are communicated, sequenced, and scaffolded;
  (18) ensure access to full content curriculum for all ELs through the use of comprehensible input techniques and research-validated learning strategies across content areas;
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