Sec. 423.002.  NONAPPLICABILITY.  (a)  It is lawful to capture an image using an unmanned aircraft in this state:
(1)  for the purpose of professional or scholarly research and development or for another academic purpose by a person acting on behalf of an institution of higher education or a private or independent institution of higher education, as those terms are defined by Section 61.003, Education Code, including a person who:
(A)  is a professor, employee, or student of the institution; or
(B)  is under contract with or otherwise acting under the direction or on behalf of the institution;
(2)  in airspace designated as a test site or range authorized by the Federal Aviation Administration for the purpose of integrating unmanned aircraft systems into the national airspace;
(3)  as part of an operation, exercise, or mission of any branch of:
(A)  the United States military; or
(B)  the Texas military forces as defined by Section 437.001;
(4)  if the image is captured by a satellite for the purposes of mapping;
(5)  if the image is captured by or for an electric or natural gas utility or a telecommunications provider:
(A)  for operations and maintenance of utility or telecommunications facilities for the purpose of maintaining utility or telecommunications system reliability and integrity;
(B)  for inspecting utility or telecommunications facilities to determine repair, maintenance, or replacement needs during and after construction of such facilities;
(C)  for assessing vegetation growth for the purpose of maintaining clearances on utility or telecommunications easements; and
(D)  for utility or telecommunications facility routing and siting for the purpose of providing utility or telecommunications service;
(6)  with the consent of the individual who owns or lawfully occupies the real property captured in the image;
(7)  pursuant to a valid search or arrest warrant;
(8)  if the image is captured by a law enforcement authority or a person who is under contract with or otherwise acting under the direction or on behalf of a law enforcement authority:
(A)  in immediate pursuit of a person law enforcement officers have reasonable suspicion or probable cause to suspect has committed an offense, not including misdemeanors or offenses punishable by a fine only;
(B)  for the purpose of documenting a crime scene where an offense, not including misdemeanors or offenses punishable by a fine only, has been committed;
(C)  for the purpose of investigating the scene of:
(i)  a human fatality;
(ii)  a motor vehicle collision causing death or serious bodily injury to a person; or
(iii)  any motor vehicle collision on a state highway or federal interstate or highway;
(D)  in connection with the search for a missing person;
(E)  for the purpose of conducting a high-risk tactical operation that poses a threat to human life;
(F)  of private property that is generally open to the public where the property owner consents to law enforcement public safety responsibilities; or
(G)  of real property or a person on real property that is within 25 miles of the United States border for the sole purpose of ensuring border security;
(9)  if the image is captured by state or local law enforcement authorities, or a person who is under contract with or otherwise acting under the direction or on behalf of state authorities, for the purpose of:
(A)  surveying the scene of a catastrophe or other damage to determine whether a state of emergency should be declared;
(B)  preserving public safety, protecting property, or surveying damage or contamination during a lawfully declared state of emergency; or
(C)  conducting routine air quality sampling and monitoring, as provided by state or local law;
(10)  at the scene of a spill, or a suspected spill, of hazardous materials;
(11)  for the purpose of fire suppression;
(12)  for the purpose of rescuing a person whose life or well-being is in imminent danger;
(13)  if the image is captured by a Texas licensed real estate broker in connection with the marketing, sale, or financing of real property, provided that no individual is identifiable in the image;
(14)  from a height no more than eight feet above ground level in a public place, if the image was captured without using any electronic, mechanical, or other means to amplify the image beyond normal human perception;
(15)  of public real property or a person on that property;
(16)  if the image is captured by the owner or operator of an oil, gas, water, or other pipeline for the purpose of inspecting, maintaining, or repairing pipelines or other related facilities, and is captured without the intent to conduct surveillance on an individual or real property located in this state;
(17)  in connection with oil pipeline safety and rig protection;
(18)  in connection with port authority surveillance and security;
(19)  if the image is captured by a registered professional land surveyor in connection with the practice of professional surveying, as those terms are defined by Section 1071.002, Occupations Code, provided that no individual is identifiable in the image;
(20)  if the image is captured by a professional engineer licensed under Subchapter G, Chapter 1001, Occupations Code, in connection with the practice of engineering, as defined by Section 1001.003, Occupations Code, provided that no individual is identifiable in the image; or
(21)  if:
(A)  the image is captured by an employee of an insurance company or of an affiliate of the company in connection with the underwriting of an insurance policy, or the rating or adjusting of an insurance claim, regarding real property or a structure on real property; and
(B)  the operator of the unmanned aircraft is authorized by the Federal Aviation Administration to conduct operations within the airspace from which the image is captured.
(b)  This chapter does not apply to the manufacture, assembly, distribution, or sale of an unmanned aircraft.
Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1390 (H.B. 912), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2013.
Amended by: 
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 360 (H.B. 2167), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 583 (S.B. 840), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 50 (S.B. 423), Sec. 1, eff. May 19, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 709 (H.B. 2190), Sec. 134, eff. September 1, 2023.